Copy elision

Optimizes out copy- and move- (since C++11)constructors, resulting in zero-copy pass-by-value semantics.

Explanation

T x = T(T(T())); // only one call to default constructor of T, to initialize x

T f() { return T{}; }
T x = f();         // only one call to default constructor of T, to initialize x
T* p = new T(f()); // only one call to default constructor of T, to initialize *p

Under the following circumstances, the compilers are permitted to omit the copy- and move- (since C++11)constructors of class objects even if copy/move (since C++11) constructor and the destructor have observable side-effects.

• If a function returns a class type by value, and the return statement's expression is the name of a non-volatile object with automatic storage duration, which isn't the function parameter, or a catch clause parameter, and which has the same type (ignoring top-level cv-qualification) as the return type of the function, then copy/move (since C++11) is omitted. When that local object is constructed, it is constructed directly in the storage where the function's return value would otherwise be moved or copied to. This variant of copy elision is known as NRVO, "named return value optimization".

When copy elision occurs, the implementation treats the source and target of the omitted copy/move (since C++11) operation as simply two different ways of referring to the same object, and the destruction of that object occurs at the later of the times when the two objects would have been destroyed without the optimization (except that, if the parameter of the selected constructor is an rvalue reference to object type, the destruction occurs when the target would have been destroyed) (since C++17).

Multiple copy elisions may be chained to eliminate multiple copies.

struct A {
    void *p;
    constexpr A(): p(this) {}
};
 
constexpr A g() {
  A a;
  return a;
}
 
constexpr A a;        // a.p points to a
constexpr A b = g();  // b.p points to b (NRVO guaranteed)
 
void g() {
  A c = g();          // c.p may point to c or to an ephemeral temporary
}

Notes

Copy elision is the only allowed form of optimization (until C++14)one of the two allowed forms of optimization, alongside allocation elision and extension, (since C++14) that can change the observable side-effects. Because some compilers do not perform copy elision in every situation where it is allowed (e.g., in debug mode), programs that rely on the side-effects of copy/move constructors and destructors are not portable.

When copy-elision takes place (until C++17)In those cases where copy-elision is not guaranteed, if it takes place (since C++17) and the copy-/move-constructor is not called, it still must be present and accessible (as if no optimization happened at all), otherwise the program is ill-formed.

Example

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
 
struct Noisy
{
    Noisy() { std::cout << "constructed\n"; }
    Noisy(const Noisy&) { std::cout << "copy-constructed\n"; }
    Noisy(Noisy&&) { std::cout << "move-constructed\n"; }
    ~Noisy() { std::cout << "destructed\n"; }
};
 
std::vector<Noisy> f()
{
    std::vector<Noisy> v = std::vector<Noisy>(3); // copy elision when initializing
                                                  // v from a temporary
                                                  // (guaranteed in C++17)
    return v; // NRVO from v to the returned nameless temporary (not guaranteed in C++17)
}             // or the move constructor is called if optimizations are disabled
 
void g(std::vector<Noisy> arg)
{
    std::cout << "arg.size() = " << arg.size() << '\n';
}
 
int main()
{
    std::vector<Noisy> v = f(); // copy elision in initialization of v
                                // from the result of f() (guaranteed in C++17)
    g(f());                     // copy elision in initialization of the 
                                // parameter of g() from the result of f()
                                // (guaranteed in C++17)
}

constructed
constructed
constructed
constructed
constructed
constructed
arg.size() = 3
destructed
destructed
destructed
destructed
destructed
destructed

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

See also

• copy initialization
• copy constructor
• move constructor